The Theory of Just War by Francisco de Vitoria
Czech original: Teória spravodlivej vojny Francisca de Vitoriu
The paper deals with the theory of just war by Francisco de Vitoria. The theory under examination is complex, dealing ius ad bellum, ius in bello and (to a lesser extent) ius post bellum. The theory is characterized by efforts of its authors to promote the understanding of war as ultima ratio of the resolution of interstate conflicts, as well as to ensure that war is conducted effectively, with discipline, only to the extent necessary and only for as long as is really necessary, as well as humanely. According to Vitoria, war was just if it was waged by a legitimate authority (the ruler of the state that suffered harm), if there was demonstrably a just cause for it (iusta causa; harm caused by one state to another state) and if it was waged with the right intent (appropriate punishment of the enemy for causing harm) as well as in the correct way, i. e. in accordance with certain rules or restrictions.
Czech original: Štúdia sa zaoberá teóriou spravodlivej vojny Francisca de Vitoriu. Skúmaná teória je komplexná, pričom sa venuje ius ad bellum, ius in bello i (v menšej miere) ius post bellum. Teória sa vyznačuje úsilím jej autora presadiť chápanie vojny ako prostriedku ultima ratio riešenia medzištátnych konfliktov, ako aj dosiahnuť, aby sa vojna viedla efektívne, disciplinovane, iba v nevyhnutne potrebnom rozsahu a iba tak dlho, ako je skutočne potrebné, ako aj humánne. Pre Vitoriu bola vojna spravodlivou, ak ju viedla legitímna autorita (vládca štátu, ktorý utrpel ujmu), ak na ňu preukázateľne existoval spravodlivý dôvod (iusta causa; ujma spôsobená jedným štátom inému štátu) a ak sa viedla so správnym úmyslom (primerané potrestanie nepriateľa za spôsobenie ujmy), ako aj správnym spôsobom, t. j. v súlade s určitými pravidlami, respektíve obmedzeniami.